How did the rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs who took over the rule of the Islamic state after the death of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, continued, and it is the only Khilafah state in which the rule was not hereditary; It was based on shura, and the reference site is interested in talking about the rightly-guided caliphs, how long the rule of the rightly-guided caliphs lasted, an overview of them, and how the rightly-guided caliphs assumed the caliphate.
The Rightly Guided Caliphs
Before we answer the question of how long the rule of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs lasted, it is necessary to know who the Rightly-Guided Caliphs are. They are the first Muslim caliphs who succeeded in the rule of Muslims after the death of the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, in what is known as the Rightly-Guided Caliphate, and these caliphs are: Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, may God be pleased with him, then Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, then Othman Ibn Affan, may God be pleased with him, then Ali Ibn Abi Talib, may God be pleased with him, and there are some historians who consider Al-Hassan Ibn Ali Ibn Abi Talib – may God be pleased with them both – to be the Rashidi Caliph. Fifth, and among them are those who consider the Umayyad Caliph Omar bin Abdul Aziz – may God have mercy on him – one of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs as well due to the spread of justice among the people in his era, and because the style of his rule was similar to the style of rule of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and Medina was the capital of the state during the era of Abu Bakr, Omar and Othman May God be pleased with them, except that Ali bin Abi Talib took Kufa as his capital.[1]
What are the major works of the Rightly Guided Caliphs?
How long did the rule of the Rightly Guided Caliphs last?
The rule of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs lasted for thirty years, and the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, foretold this, saying: “The succession to prophecy is thirty years, then God grants the kingdom – or his possession – to whomever he wills.”[2] Where their rule began in the year 11 AH and ended in the year 41 AH, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq ruled for two years, Omar bin Al-Khattab ruled for ten years, Othman bin Affan ruled for twelve years, Ali bin Abi Talib ruled for five years, and Al-Hassan bin Ali bin Abi Talib ruled for eight months So, the rule of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs would have lasted about thirty years. Ibn Kathir said: “The thirty years were completed by the caliphate of Al-Hasan bin Ali, for he descended from the caliphate to Muawiyah in the first spring of the year forty-one, and that was the completion of thirty years from the death of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him. He died in Rabi’ al-Awwal in the eleventh year of the Hijrah, and this is one of the proofs of the Prophethood, may the prayers and peace of God be upon him, in full.[3]
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About the Rightly Guided Caliphs
The following is an overview of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and their most prominent works during their reign:
Abu Bakr
He took over the caliphate from the year 11 AH / 632 AD to the year 13 AH / 634 AD, after the death of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace. People after the prophets and messengers, and the most faithful and ascetic companions, and the most beloved people to the Prophet after his wife Aisha, Muslims pledged allegiance to him in the shed of Bani Sa’idah. The Qur’an after the killing of many of the Qur’an’s memorizers in the apostasy wars and the Islamic conquests in Iraq and the Levant.
Omar bin al-khattab
He assumed the caliphate from the year 13 AH / 634 AD to the year 23 AH / 644 AD. He is the second of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs and one of the senior Companions, and one of the most famous people and leaders in Islamic history and one of the most influential and influential. He is one of the ten missionaries of Paradise, and one of the scholars of the Companions and their ascetics. Ibn al-Khattab was an expert judge. He was famous for his justice and fairness to people from grievances, and he is the founder of the Hijri calendar, and during his reign Islam reached a great amount, and the scope of the Islamic state expanded until it included the entirety of Iraq, Egypt, Libya, the Levant, Persia, Khorasan, eastern Anatolia, southern Armenia and Sijistan. Cities in Islam, and thus the Islamic state absorbed the entire territory of the Sassanid Persian Empire and about two-thirds of the territory of the Byzantine Empire.
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Othman Bin-Affan
He took over the caliphate from the year 23 AH / 644 AD to the year 35 AH / 656 AD. He is the third of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and one of the ten missionaries of Paradise, and one of the predecessors to Islam. He was nicknamed Dhul-Nourain because he married two of the Prophet’s daughters, may God bless him and grant him peace, and was pledged allegiance to the caliphate after the shura that took place after the death of Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him. And during his reign, a number of countries were opened and the Islamic state expanded. Among the countries that opened during his caliphate were Armenia, Khorasan, Kerman, Sijistan, Ifriqiya and Cyprus. He established the first Islamic naval fleet to protect the Islamic shores from the attacks of the Byzantines.
Ali bin Abi Talib
He took over the caliphate from the year 35 AH / 656 AD to the year 40 AH / 661 AD. He is the fourth of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and one of the ten missionaries of Paradise. He is the second or third people to enter Islam, and the first of the boys to embrace Islam. He immigrated to Medina three days after the migration of the Messenger and his brother, the Prophet Muhammad. With himself when he became a brotherhood among Muslims, and married his daughter Fatima in the second year of the migration, he was pledged to the caliphate in the year 35 AH after the sedition of the killing of Othman in Medina, and he ruled for five years and three months and was described as political instability, but it was marked by tangible civilized progress, especially in the capital of the new caliphate, Kufa. During his reign, there were many battles because of the strife that is an extension of the sedition of the killing of Uthman, such as the battles of Al-Jamal and Siffin, which led to the division and division of the Muslims. year 40 AH.
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Al-Hassan bin Ali bin Abi Talib
He took over the caliphate from the year 40 AH / 661 AD to the year 41 AH / 662 AD. He is the fifth of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs. He was pledged to the caliphate at the end of the year 40 AH after the death of Ali bin Abi Talib in Kufa, and he continued after his pledge of allegiance to the Muslims for about eight months, then relinquished it in favor of Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan. After he reconciled with him on a number of matters, Al-Hasan then moved from Kufa to Medina and lived there for the rest of his life until he died in the year 49 AH, and it was said in the year 50 AH, and Muslim scholars infer that he is one of the rightly-guided caliphs with the hadith that was reported on the ship of the Prophet of God: that the Messenger of God God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, said: “The caliphate of prophethood is thirty years, then God gives the kingdom – or his possessions – to whomever he wills.”[2] And it completed thirty with the caliphate of al-Hasan ibn Ali, for he descended from the caliphate to Muawiyah in the first spring of the year forty-one, and that was the completion of thirty years from the death of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, for he died in Rabi’ al-Awwal in the eleventh year of migration.
Omar Bin Abdulaziz
He assumed the caliphate from 99 AH / 681 AD to 101 AH / 720 AD, and is the eighth caliph of the Umayyad dynasty. He took over the caliphate after the death of his cousin Suleiman bin Abd al-Malik, and the reason for his classification among the Rightly Guided Caliphs is his reputation for justice, asceticism and piety. His caliphate was characterized by a number of advantages, including: Justice and equality, returning the grievances that his Umayyad predecessors had committed, and isolating and punishing all the unjust rulers, as he restored the work of shura, and that is why many scholars considered him among the rightly-guided caliphs, as he was interested in legal sciences, and ordered the codification of the honorable prophetic hadith, and some of them see that he is the renewal The first in Islam, and his caliphate lasted two years, five months and four days, until he was poisoned in the year 101 AH.[3]
How did the Rightly-Guided Caliphs take over the caliphate?
The period of the Rashidun Caliphate is characterized as the only period in which the rule was not hereditary; It was based on shura, unlike the following caliphate states; The rule in it was based on succession, and the following is the manner in which the Rightly-Guided Caliphs assumed the caliphate:
How Abu Bakr assumed the caliphate
When the Messenger of God – may God’s prayers and peace be upon him – died, the Ansar gathered in the shed of Banu Sa’idah, and they wanted to hold the Imamate for Saad bin Ubadah, and this reached Abu Bakr and Omar, may God be pleased with them. The order of the Ansar, so they began to ask for the matter for themselves, or the company in it with the immigrants, so Abu Bakr informed them that the leadership can only be in the Quraysh, so they submitted to that and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr and agreed to lead him, and agreed on his succession.[4]
How Omar took over the caliphate
The way Al-Faruq – may God be pleased with him – assumed the caliphate was by appointing Abu Bakr to succeed him, and that is because Abu Bakr – may God be pleased with him – fell ill fifteen days before his death, and when he felt the approaching of his term, during this illness, he assigned the matter after him to Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, and it was he who The covenant was written by Uthman bin Affan – may God be pleased with him – and it was read to the Muslims, and they acknowledged it, listened to him and obeyed. Al-Siddiq – may God be pleased with him – did not entrust the caliphate to Omar, may God be pleased with him, until after he consulted a group of the noble Companions in it.[5]
How Othman assumed the caliphate
When Omar, may God be pleased with him, stabbed him, he did not appoint anyone to be the caliph over the Muslims after him. Rather, he recommended that the matter should be consulted after him in six of those who died the Messenger of God – may God’s prayers and peace be upon him – and he was satisfied with them, namely: Othman bin Affan and Ali bin Abi Talib, Talha bin Ubaid Allah, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam, Saad bin Abi Waqqas, and Abd Al-Rahman bin Auf, and when Al-Faruq – may God be pleased with him – died and was buried by the companions of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, the group of whom Omar made the matter a shura gathered to consult on the successor to the caliphate After him, three of them delegated the matter to three, where Zubair delegated what he deserved from the emirate to Ali, and Saad delegated his money in that to Abdul Rahman bin Auf, and Talha left his right to Othman bin Affan, may God be pleased with him.
Abd al-Rahman said to Ali and Uthman: Which of you will be absolved of this matter, so we delegate the matter to him? Ali and Uthman, may God be pleased with them both, remained silent. Abd al-Rahman said: I forsake my right from that, and God is upon me and Islam to strive, so give the first of you the right. They said: Yes. And let them obey, and each of them said: Yes, and when he took the covenant, he said: Raise your hand, O Othman, and pledge allegiance to him. Ali pledged allegiance to him.[6]
The way Ali took over the caliphate
After the Caliph Othman bin Affan, may God be pleased with him, was martyred at the hands of the rogue renegades who came from the horizons and from different countries, all those who remained in Medina from the companions of the Messenger of God – may God bless him and grant him peace – pledged allegiance to Ali – may God be pleased with him – for the caliphate, because he did not There was no one better than him at all after Uthman, may God be pleased with him, and he did not accept it except after great insistence from those who remained among the Companions in Madinah and for fear of the increase and spread of temptation.[7]
Al-Hassan’s assumption of the caliphate
When Ali bin Abi Talib – may God be pleased with him – was martyred at the hands of the outsider, Abd al-Rahman bin Amr al-Muradi, he pledged allegiance to the caliphate after him, his son al-Hasan, may God be pleased with him, and the caliphate over the Hijaz, Yemen, Iraq, Khorasan and other things continued for about seven months, and it was said: eight months, and it was said six months. And his caliphate for this period was a true rightly-guided caliphate, because that period was complementary to the period of the rightly-guided caliphate, which the Prophet – may God’s prayers and peace be upon him – had told – that its duration was thirty years and then it would become king.[8]
What is the Caliph’s wife called?
Thus, we have come to the end of our article, in which we talked about the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, how long the rule of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs lasted, an overview of them, and how the Rightly-Guided Caliphs assumed the caliphate.